{"id":2990,"date":"2020-11-11T09:00:29","date_gmt":"2020-11-11T17:00:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/?p=2990"},"modified":"2021-01-31T07:18:44","modified_gmt":"2021-01-31T15:18:44","slug":"stack-ventilation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/stack-ventilation\/","title":{"rendered":"Stack Ventilation: A Comprehensive Overview of The Principles and Applications"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/stack-ventilation\/#What_is_stack_ventilation\" >What is stack ventilation?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/stack-ventilation\/#Stack_ventilation_design_guidelines\" >Stack ventilation design guidelines<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/stack-ventilation\/#Advantages_and_disadvantages_of_the_Stack_ventilation\" >Advantages and disadvantages of the Stack ventilation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/stack-ventilation\/#Principles_of_the_stack_ventilation\" >Principles of the stack ventilation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/stack-ventilation\/#Static_stack_ventilation\" >Static stack ventilation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/stack-ventilation\/#Combinations_of_stack_ventilation\" >Combinations of stack ventilation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>Humankind used Stack ventilation a long time ago for temperature comfort and removing chimney ashes. Using Building height, wind, and chimney for making air ventilation and removing combustion products are date back to BC and all around the world in different histories, using thermal draft was a common method for buildings\u2019 ventilation. Natural heat convection and stack ventilation can provide comfort without energy supplies and are a completely cost-efficient, maintenance-free, and passive method.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_stack_ventilation\"><\/span><strong>What is stack ventilation?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Stack effect or chimney effect is a phenomenon that occurs because of the natural heat transfer. The warm air has a lower density rather than the cold air and raises to the upper part of the building, chimney, towers, etc. stack ventilation can be an independent system in constructions or as a supporting ventilation system boosted by many different devices or ventilation strategies.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Stack_ventilation_design_guidelines\"><\/span><strong>Stack ventilation design guidelines <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Designing robust stack ventilation requires items to be considered, and in most of the buildings, mechanical, solar, and winds would help the natural convection. Some of the designing parameters are as below:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Location and orientation of the structure.<\/li>\n<li>Size of the building.<\/li>\n<li>Building plans and layout.<\/li>\n<li>Shape, type, location, and orientation of the doors and windows.<\/li>\n<li>Construction process and details<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urban_planning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Urban planning<\/a><\/li>\n<li>The outdoor environment and the neighborhood buildings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Advantages_and_disadvantages_of_the_Stack_ventilation\"><\/span><strong>Advantages and disadvantages of the Stack ventilation <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Stack ventilation is a cheap and efficient system but has some defects which make the designing process complex and difficult. In some cases, stack ventilation is not enough for the structure, and many other equipment and devices would be necessary for the property<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Advantages of the stack effect<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The advantages of stack ventilation are listed below and can tempt you to use in your structure.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is the most energy-efficient ventilation system and does not need any supply of electricity<\/li>\n<li>Installation is much less than other methods, while you don\u2019t need any mechanical instruments or heating recovery systems<\/li>\n<li>Maintenance and running costs in the system tend to be zero<\/li>\n<li>It works 24 hours a day without energy<\/li>\n<li>The operation doesn\u2019t have any noise and works all the time silently<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Disadvantages of the Stack effect<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Some disadvantages in stack ventilation systems may cause problems in the buildings and the effort for reaching the desired system would be increased.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>We should consider a larger duct for air and may need fans in the inlets and outlets to help air ventilation and overcome pressure drop in the system.<\/li>\n<li>We cannot change or retrofit stack ventilation after construction unless a refurbishment is necessary. So this ventilation system should be used only for new buildings.<\/li>\n<li>Outside weather affects the quality of ventilation strongly and controlling systems are required. For example, imagine a windy or rainy day that leads to over-ventilated and much more humidity and air velocity. Providing controlling dampers or closing inlets would be necessary for this kind of passive ventilation.<\/li>\n<li>Design and installation of stack ventilation systems are very sensitive, and much care and caution should be applied to prevent over and under ventilation.<\/li>\n<li>As pressure drops are very important in stack ventilation, ducts should try to be straight and vertical; on the other hand, it is hard to place and construct a building to use these passive systems.<\/li>\n<li>We cannot filter the incoming air.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Principles_of_the_stack_ventilation\"><\/span><strong>Principles of the stack ventilation <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Stack ventilation operates with some simple principles which are the base of the pressure differential and the air circulation in the whole system.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>1. Cross ventilation (wind effect ventilation)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Cross ventilation is one of the natural cooling methods relies on the effect of wind on the inlets and the forces in the outlets to exit the warm and humid air out of the buildings. Circulating air inside the structure and around the people is the aim of ventilation while demanding optimization variables and air quality are the vital parameters affected by arranging the location of the inlets and outlets.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>2.\u00a0 The venturi effect<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Air circulation and moving toward certain channels cause negative pressure and that\u2019s the reason for sucking warm dull air out of the rooms, and as a result, fresh air trickles or vents from the holes, vents, and windows of the structure.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>3. The buoyancy of the warm air<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The natural heat transfer is based on the buoyancy and the density of the air in different temperatures. The air near the heat sources (human, electric resources, etc.) gets warmer and rises so that it can eradicate the energy far from the sources.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2985\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2985\" style=\"width: 4975px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2985 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_1.png\" alt=\"stack ventilation\" width=\"4975\" height=\"3475\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_1.png 2560w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_1-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_1-1024x715.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_1-768x536.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_1-1536x1073.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_1-2048x1431.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_1-696x486.png 696w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_1-1392x972.png 1392w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_1-1068x746.png 1068w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_1-1920x1341.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_1-601x420.png 601w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_1-100x70.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4975px) 100vw, 4975px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2985\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Passive stack ventilation and its principles (Reference: <strong>eco-home-essentials.co.uk<\/strong>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Static_stack_ventilation\"><\/span><strong>Static stack ventilation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Most technics for utilizing the stack effect are static and focusing on exerting trapped air beneath the roof or ceiling of the building, which some of them are locating many ridges, jack roof, dormer and static vents, and chimney in different parts of the structure. Some simple architecture features in static methods can enhance ventilation strategies. Considering the atrium, ventilation shafts, and stack tower in construction would help the ventilation and increase the airflow.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Atrium <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The atrium is a deliberate huge opening in a building covered by glazed material for using the maximum daylight and stack ventilation effect. Atrium, in modern architecture, is followed by many windows and placed in the lobby of tall buildings. Glazed roof and windows lead to the absorbance of solar energy along the atrium and increasing the air temperature, differential pressure, and the stack effect. It should be mentioned that noise and heat radiation may cause discomfort in some cases.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Stack ventilation towers<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Stack towers increase the buoyancy effects by mounting a higher part on the roof of the building. Placing a tower on tall buildings would help the ventilation in lower stores too.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Ventilation shaft<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Ventilation shafts or air shafts are used in buildings and subterranean constructions, which are known as vent shafts and are small vertical passages that suck the stale interior air out of the system.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2986\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2986\" style=\"width: 1000px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2986 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_2.jpg\" alt=\"stack ventilation\" width=\"1000\" height=\"851\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_2.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_2-300x255.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_2-768x654.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_2-696x592.jpg 696w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_2-494x420.jpg 494w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2986\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using atrium, shafts, and towers in stack ventilation systems (References: <strong>sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com<\/strong>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Combinations_of_stack_ventilation\"><\/span><strong>Combinations of stack ventilation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Complex ventilation systems are the best choices to be included in many structures depending on the ventilation parameter. Sometimes natural convection needs help to be effective, and many different ways are the tools that should be considered in designing.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Solar induced ventilation<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This method is based on the solar radiation and the temperature differential and their effects on the stack ventilation. Important elements in these systems are \u201cdouble-faced\u201d and the \u201csolar chimney\u201d and \u201croof\u201d.<\/p>\n<h4><strong><em>Double-faced<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Two layers of glazed materials in buildings are not only increasing getting daylight energy but also are a cause of higher pressure differential on the lower inlet and higher outlets of the systems.<\/p>\n<h4><strong><em>Solar chimney <\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>This strategy relies on solar radiation and absorbance at the top of the structure, and as the solar radiation increases, the temperature of the upper parts rises, and the rate of ventilation grows.<\/p>\n<h4><strong><em>Solar roof <\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>A solar roof or double roof is a small room constructed on the main floors and absorbs the solar energy. This large cavity between the outer and inner roof helps the ventilation and improves efficiency.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2987\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2987\" style=\"width: 1414px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2987 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_3.jpg\" alt=\"stack ventilation\" width=\"1414\" height=\"1000\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_3.jpg 1414w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_3-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_3-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_3-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_3-696x492.jpg 696w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_3-1392x984.jpg 1392w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_3-1068x755.jpg 1068w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_3-594x420.jpg 594w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/stack-ventilation_3-100x70.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1414px) 100vw, 1414px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2987\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar induced ventilation in structure (Reference: <strong>archdaily.com<\/strong>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><strong>Wind-assisted stack ventilation<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>As mentioned before, harvesting wind energy in terms of helping ventilation is a very common procedure and needs some consideration in construction. Wind towers or windcatchers, name \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windcatcher\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">badgir<\/a>\u201d in the middle east, captures the wind and increasing the ventilation rate significantly. Also, utilizing a wind cowl or turbine ventilator in high wind velocity areas assists ventilation simply and effectively, and also, both are very cheap rather than other ventilation types of equipment.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Mechanical induced stack ventilation<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Wind-assisted and solar-induced methods are based on clean energy and cost-efficient. In some cases, the natural forces are not adequate, and the necessity of mechanical devices is palpable. Small height and size of rooms, the feasibility of different elements construction, the low-temperature margin between inside and outside, low wind velocity, and the hot and humid climate makes the stack ventilation system weak, and mechanical induced ventilation is required. The use of mechanical ventilation is inevitable in almost all buildings unless we try to be very precise in the design.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Heat recovery<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Using a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heat_pump\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heat pump<\/a> would help the heat recovery in ventilation, but it should be mentioned that if you are looking for zero energy, it is not a good choice for your home. Recirculating and keeping warm air in the winter and cooling the incoming air in summer increases the efficiency and taking the most capacity of stack ph<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Humankind used Stack ventilation a long time ago for temperature comfort and removing chimney ashes. Using Building height, wind, and chimney for making air ventilation and removing combustion products are date back to BC and all around the world in different histories, using thermal draft was a common method for buildings\u2019 ventilation. Natural heat convection &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":2989,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2990","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ventilation"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2990","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2990"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2990\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2989"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2990"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2990"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2990"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}