{"id":3404,"date":"2020-12-13T10:00:35","date_gmt":"2020-12-13T18:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/?p=3404"},"modified":"2025-08-28T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2025-08-28T08:00:00","slug":"what-is-francis-turbine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-francis-turbine\/","title":{"rendered":"An Ultimate Guide to Francis Turbine"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-francis-turbine\/#What_is_a_Francis_Turbine\" >What is a Francis Turbine?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-francis-turbine\/#Major_Components_of_Francis_Turbines_With_Diagram\" >Major Components of Francis Turbines With Diagram<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-francis-turbine\/#Francis_Turbine_Working_Principle_With_Diagram\" >Francis Turbine Working Principle With Diagram<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-francis-turbine\/#Francis_Turbine_Efficiency\" >Francis Turbine Efficiency<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-francis-turbine\/#Francis_Turbine_Advantages\" >Francis Turbine Advantages<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-francis-turbine\/#Advantages_of_Francis_Turbine\" >Advantages of Francis Turbine:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-francis-turbine\/#Disadvantages_of_Francis_Turbine\" >Disadvantages of Francis Turbine:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-francis-turbine\/#Applications_of_Francis_Turbine\" >Applications of Francis Turbine:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-francis-turbine\/#Work_Done_and_Efficiency_in_Francis_Turbine\" >Work Done and Efficiency in Francis Turbine:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-francis-turbine\/#Download_Francis_turbine_PDF\" >Download Francis turbine PDF<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With about 60% of the global hydropower capacity in the world, Francis turbines are the most widely used type of hydro turbine. A <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Francis turbine<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a large rotary machine that works to convert kinetic and potential energy into hydroelectricity. These modern equivalents of the water wheel have been used for over 135 years for industrial power generation, and more recently hydropower energy generation. In this article, we\u2019ll discuss what a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Francis turbine<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is, and how it works. Follow this new blog on Linquip to find out more.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Water strikes the runner blades radially and exits axially along its axis through a draft tube in a Francis turbine with a radial flow runner. The Francis turbine is a mixed flow turbine that provides a high curved rotating flow at the exit by passing the water via curved guide vanes. There are various <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/industrial-directories\/434\/turbine\/for-sale\"><strong>Francis Turbines for Sale<\/strong><\/a> on Linquip from a range of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/suppliers-companies?category_id=188&amp;cn=francis-hydro-turbine\"><strong>Suppliers and Companies<\/strong><\/a>, as well as manufacturers and distributors.<\/p>\n<p>Linquip&#8217;s website offers a comprehensive list of Francis turbine services to match your specific requirements. Vendors from Linquip can help you with this. To discover more about how to connect with a broad collection of service providers who consistently produce top-notch goods, please contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/experts?category_id=188&amp;cn=francis-hydro-turbine\"><strong>Francis Turbine Experts<\/strong><\/a> on Linquip.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><a title=\"\u21d2 View a List of Francis Turbine for Sale and Their Suppliers \u21d0\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/industrial-directories\/188\/francis-hydro-turbine\/for-sale\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content&amp;utm_campaign=CRO&amp;utm_term=&amp;utm_content=for_sale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u21d2 View a List of Francis Turbine for Sale and Their Suppliers \u21d0<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_a_Francis_Turbine\"><\/span>What is a Francis Turbine?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Francis turbine definition<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a combination of both impulse and reaction turbine, where the blades rotate using both reaction and impulse force of water flowing through them producing electricity more efficiently. Francis turbine is used for the production of electricity <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">most frequently in medium or large-scale<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> hydropower stations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These turbines can be used for heads as low as 2 meters and as high as 300 meters. Additionally, these turbines are beneficial as they work equally well when positioned horizontally as they do when they are oriented vertically. The water going through a Francis turbine loses pressure, but stays at more or less the same speed, so it would be considered a reaction turbine.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water enters these turbines radially meaning that it enters the turbine perpendicular to the rotational axis. Once entering the turbine, the water always flows inwards, towards the center. Once the water has flown through the turbine, it exits axially, parallel to the rotational axis. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Francis turbines<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were the first hydraulic turbines that had a radial inflow, designed by American scientist James Francis.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Major_Components_of_Francis_Turbines_With_Diagram\"><\/span>Major Components of Francis Turbines With Diagram<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Spiral Casing<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Stay Vanes\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Guide Vanes<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Runner Blades<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Draft Tube<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The diagram of various parts of a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Francis turbine<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is shown in the figure below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3405 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/asd.jpg\" alt=\"Francis turbine - Linquip\" width=\"700\" height=\"525\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/asd.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/asd-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/asd-696x522.jpg 696w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/asd-560x420.jpg 560w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/asd-80x60.jpg 80w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/asd-160x120.jpg 160w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/asd-265x198.jpg 265w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The description of each Francis turbine\u2019s main component diagram is as follows.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><b>Spiral Casing<\/b><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The spiral casing is the inlet medium of water to the turbine. The water flowing from the reservoir or dam is made to pass through this pipe with high pressure. The blades of the turbines are circularly placed, which means the water striking the turbine\u2019s blades should flow in the circular axis for efficient striking. So the spiral casing is used, but due to the circular movement of the water, it loses its pressure.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18540\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-18540\" style=\"width: 429px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/6-spiral-casing-of-francis-turbine-Reference-alibaba.com_.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"429\" height=\"429\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/6-spiral-casing-of-francis-turbine-Reference-alibaba.com_.jpg 429w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/6-spiral-casing-of-francis-turbine-Reference-alibaba.com_-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/6-spiral-casing-of-francis-turbine-Reference-alibaba.com_-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 429px) 100vw, 429px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-18540\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">spiral casing of Francis turbine Reference <strong>alibaba.com<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To maintain the same pressure the diameter of the casing is gradually reduced, thus, uniform momentum or velocity striking the runner blades.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><b>Stay Vanes\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stay and guide vanes guide the water to the runner blades. Stay vanes remain stationary at their position and reduces the swirling of water due to radial flow, as it enters the runner blades, thus, making the turbine more efficient.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><b>Guide Vanes<\/b><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guide vanes are not stationary, they change their angle as per the requirement to control the angle of striking of water to turbine blades to increase the efficiency. They also regulate the flow rate of water into the runner blades thus controlling the power output of a turbine according to the load on the turbine.<\/span><b><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><b>Runner Blades<\/b><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Runner blades are the heart of any <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Francis turbine<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These are the centers where the fluid strikes and the tangential force of the impact causes the shaft of the turbine to rotate, producing torque. Close attention to the design of blade angles at inlet and outlet is necessary, as these are major parameters affecting power production.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18541\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-18541\" style=\"width: 568px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18541\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/6-Runner-Blades-of-francis-turbine-Reference-hitachi.com_.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"568\" height=\"354\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/6-Runner-Blades-of-francis-turbine-Reference-hitachi.com_.jpg 568w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/6-Runner-Blades-of-francis-turbine-Reference-hitachi.com_-300x187.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 568px) 100vw, 568px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-18541\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Runner Blades of Francis turbine Reference <strong>hitachi.com<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The runner blades have two parts. The lower half is made in the shape of a small bucket to rotate the turbine by using the impulse action of water. While the upper part of the blades uses the reaction force of water flowing through it. The runner rotates through these two forces.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><b>Draft Tube<\/b><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The pressure at the exit of the runner of the reaction turbine is generally less than atmospheric pressure. The water at the exit, cannot be directly discharged to the tailrace. A tube or pipe of the gradually increasing area is used for discharging water from the exit of the turbine to the tailrace.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This tube of the increasing area is called Draft Tube. One end of the tube is connected to the outlet of the runner. However, the other end is submerged below the level of water in the tail-race.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3408 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station.jpg\" alt=\"Francis turbine - Linquip\" width=\"700\" height=\"525\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station-696x522.jpg 696w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station-560x420.jpg 560w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station-80x60.jpg 80w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station-160x120.jpg 160w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station-265x198.jpg 265w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Francis_Turbine_Working_Principle_With_Diagram\"><\/span>Francis Turbine Working Principle With Diagram<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Francis turbines are employed regularly in hydroelectric power plants. In these power plants, high-pressure water enters the turbine through the snail-shell casing (the volute). This movement decreases the water pressure as it curls through the tube; however, the water&#8217;s speed remains unchanged. Following the passing through the volute, the water flows through the guide vanes and is directed towards the runner&#8217;s blades at optimum angles. Since the water crosses the precisely curved blades of the runner, the water is diverted somewhat sideways. This makes the water lose some part of its &#8220;whirl&#8221; motion. The water is also deflected in the axial direction to exit a\u00a0draft tube\u00a0to the tail race.<\/p>\n<p>The mentioned tube reduces the water&#8217;s output velocity to gain the maximum amount of energy from the input water. The process of water being diverted through the runner blades results in a force that propels the blades to the opposite side as the water is deflected. That\u00a0reaction force\u00a0(as we know from Newton&#8217;s third law) is what makes power to be carried from the water to the turbine&#8217;s shaft, continuing rotation. Since the turbine moves due to that reaction force, Francis turbines are identified as\u00a0reaction turbines. The process of altering the direction of the water flow also decreases the pressure within the turbine itself.<\/p>\n<p>Francis turbines are the most favored hydraulic turbines. These turbines are the most stable workhorse of hydroelectric power stations. Francis turbine supplies about 60 percent of the global hydropower capacity, mainly because it can work efficiently under a wide range of working conditions. You can find the working principle of the Francis turbine <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3BCiFeykRzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3416\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3416\" style=\"width: 516px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3416\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fr.jpg\" alt=\"Francis turbine\" width=\"516\" height=\"245\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fr.jpg 516w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fr-300x142.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 516px) 100vw, 516px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3416\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">(A)Top view of a Francis turbine; (B) Side view of a Francis turbine. (Reference: Wikipedia.org)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#282828;border-radius:9px;-moz-border-radius:9px;-webkit-border-radius:9px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#424242;border-color:#ffffff;color:#ffffff;border-radius:9px;-moz-border-radius:9px;-webkit-border-radius:9px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/feed\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Test.jpg\" alt=\"Girl in a jacket\" width=\"300\" height=\"82\" title=\"\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"roboto: sans serif;\"><b><a style=\"color: #84ffff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/experts?category_id=106\">\u00a0 \u00a0See All Gas Turbine Experts<\/a><br \/>\n<b><a style=\"color: #84ffff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/companies\/service-provider?category_id=106\">\u00a0\u00a0 See All Gas Turbine Service Provider<br \/>\n<b><\/b><\/a><b><a style=\"color: #84ffff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/companies\/manufacturer?category_id=106\">\u00a0\u00a0 See All Gas Turbine Manufactures<br \/>\n<b><\/b><\/a><b><\/b><b><a style=\"color: #84ffff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/companies\/distributor?category_id=106\">\u00a0\u00a0 See All Gas Turbine Distributor<br \/>\n<\/a><\/b><\/b><\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<h3>Cavitation:<\/h3>\n<p>Cavitation is a vital problem in hydraulic machines that negatively influences their performance and may cause damages. Cavitation is a phenomenon that manifests itself in the pitting of the metallic surfaces of turbine parts because of the formation of cavities. The reaction turbines operate under the low and medium head at a high specific speed and operate under variable pressure are prone to cavitation.<\/p>\n<p>Cavitation in hydraulic machines negatively affects their performance and may cause severe damages. These damages can be summarized below:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Erosion of material in turbine parts.<\/li>\n<li>Distortion of blade angle.<\/li>\n<li>Efficiency losses due to distortion or erosion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Francis_Turbine_Efficiency\"><\/span>Francis Turbine Efficiency<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The performance and efficiency of the turbine are dependent on the design of the runner blades. In a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Francis turbine<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, runner blades are divided into 2 parts. The lower half is made in the shape of a small bucket so that it uses the impulse action of water to rotate the turbine. The upper part of the blades uses the reaction force of water flowing through it. These two forces together make the runner rotate.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For these turbines to operate efficiently, water must reach all blades equally and flow is controlled by a casing which curls around the turbine in a spiral shape. This casing is called the volute (or spiral) casing. The casing feed water through a set of valves and fixed blades into the moving blades of the turbine rotor. When well designed, a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Francis turbine<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can capture 90%\u201395% of the energy in the water.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Francis_Turbine_Advantages\"><\/span>Francis Turbine Advantages<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No head failure occurs still at the low discharge of water.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Francis turbine<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> variation in the operating head can be more simply controlled.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The runner size is small.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ratio of utmost and least operating head can be even two in these turbines.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Francis type units cover a wide head range, from 20 to 700 M and their output varies from a few kilowatts to 200 megawatts<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Francis turbine<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> may be designed for a wide range of heads and flows. This, along with their high efficiency, has made them the most widely used <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turbine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">turbine<\/a> in the world.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Advantages_of_Francis_Turbine\"><\/span>Advantages of Francis Turbine:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Francis turbines have some benefit when used in power plants. Here we can see some of these advantages:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There is no head failure yet at the low water discharge.<\/li>\n<li>The mechanical efficiency of the Francis turbine diminishes more slowly than Pelton wheels.<\/li>\n<li>The operational head difference can be controlled simply in the Francis turbine than in the Pelton wheel turbine.<\/li>\n<li>The runner size in the Francis turbine is small.<\/li>\n<li>Changing the head can be controlled easily.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Disadvantages_of_Francis_Turbine\"><\/span>Disadvantages of Francis Turbine:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Despite all the mentioned pros, there are some cons in using Francis turbines. These disadvantages are listed here:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The water contains pollutants which may cause extremely rapid wear in a Francis turbine.<\/li>\n<li>Francis turbine is highly expensive.<\/li>\n<li>It has a simple operation but a very complex design.<\/li>\n<li>The number of moving parts in this kind of turbine is considerable.<\/li>\n<li>The runner is not available commonly since it has a standard spiral casing.<\/li>\n<li>It has costly and complicated maintenance.<\/li>\n<li>It faces the hazard of cavitation.<\/li>\n<li>Current losses in the Francis turbine are inevitable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#282828;border-radius:9px;-moz-border-radius:9px;-webkit-border-radius:9px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#424242;border-color:#ffffff;color:#ffffff;border-radius:9px;-moz-border-radius:9px;-webkit-border-radius:9px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/feed\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Test.jpg\" alt=\"Girl in a jacket\" width=\"300\" height=\"82\" title=\"\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"roboto: sans serif;\"><b><a style=\"color: #84ffff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/equipment\/436\/gas-turbines\">\u00a0 \u00a0What is Gas Turbine?<\/a><br \/>\n<b><a style=\"color: #84ffff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/equipment\/20\">\u00a0\u00a0 What is Aeroderivative Gas Turbine?<br \/>\n<b><\/b><\/a><b><a style=\"color: #84ffff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/equipment\/3\">\u00a0\u00a0 What is Heavy Duty Gas Turbine?<br \/>\n<b><\/b><\/a><b><\/b><b><a style=\"color: #84ffff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/equipment?q=gas%20turbine\">\u00a0\u00a0 Gas Turbine For Sales<br \/>\n<\/a><\/b><\/b><\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Applications_of_Francis_Turbine\"><\/span>Applications of Francis Turbine:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Francis Turbine, as the most effective hydraulic turbine, can be applied in many fields:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Large Francis turbine is distinctively designed for the site to operate at the highest achievable efficiency, typically more than 90%.<\/li>\n<li>Rather than electrical products, they may also be employed in pumped storage. In pumped storage, the reservoir is filled with the turbine (acting as a pump) during low to moderate power demand; then, it can be reversed and utilized to generate power while peak demand.<\/li>\n<li>Francis turbines can be designed for a broad range of heads and flows.<\/li>\n<li>Francis turbine covers a wide range of heads, from 20 to 700 m, and its output varies from a few kilowatts to 200 megawatts. This possibility, in addition to its high efficiency, has made the Francis turbine the most widely used turbine in the world<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Work_Done_and_Efficiency_in_Francis_Turbine\"><\/span>Work Done and Efficiency in Francis Turbine:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In order to find the efficiencies, we should be familiar with the velocity triangle in the Francis turbine. Here, the velocity triangle and some applicable formulas about the Francis turbine are presented.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3417\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3417\" style=\"width: 891px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3417 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Velocity-triangle-in-Francis-turbin-e1606710333961.png\" alt=\"Francis turbine\" width=\"891\" height=\"765\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Velocity-triangle-in-Francis-turbin-e1606710333961.png 891w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Velocity-triangle-in-Francis-turbin-e1606710333961-300x258.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Velocity-triangle-in-Francis-turbin-e1606710333961-768x659.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Velocity-triangle-in-Francis-turbin-e1606710333961-696x598.png 696w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Velocity-triangle-in-Francis-turbin-e1606710333961-489x420.png 489w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 891px) 100vw, 891px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3417\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Velocity triangle in Francis turbine (Reference: Wikipedia.com)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Index 1 refers to inlet flow parameters. Similarly, index 2 indicates parameters related to outer flow.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left; line-height: 150%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\">Uniform Velocity of Inlet and Outlet:<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">In this triangle, the uniform velocities of inlet and outlet are calculated by:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; line-height: 150%;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ u }_{ 1 }=\\frac { \\pi \\times { D }_{ 1 }\\times N }{ 60 } <\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">and<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ u }_{ 2 }=\\frac { \\pi \\times { D }_{ 2 }\\times N }{ 60 }<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>where<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ D }_{ 1 }=Diameter\\quad of\\quad the\\quad outer\\quad ring<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>and<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ D }_{ 2 }=Diameter\\quad of\\quad the\\quad inner\\quad ring<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left; line-height: 150%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\"><b>Work Done:<\/b><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">The work done by Francis turbine per unit weight of water can be calculated by<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">W=\\frac { [({ v }_{ w1 }\\times { u }_{ 1 })\\pm ({ v }_{ w2 }\\times { u }_{ 2 }) }{ g }<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">You can find the parameters in the velocity triangle. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left; line-height: 150%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\">Discharge of Turbine:<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">The water flow at the inlet or discharge of the turbine can be calculated by<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">Q=\\pi \\times { D }_{ 1 }\\times { B }_{ 1 }\\times { v }_{ f1 }<\/span>\n<p>or<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">Q=\\pi \\times { D }_{ 2 }\\times { B }_{ 2 }\\times { v }_{ f2 }<\/span>\n<p>where<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ D }_{ 1 }=Diameter\\quad of\\quad inner\\quad ring<\/span>,<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ D }_{ 1 }=Diameter\\quad of\\quad outer\\quad ring<\/span>,<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ B }_{ 1 }=Width\\quad of\\quad the\\quad blade\\quad at\\quad the\\quad inlet<\/span>,<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ B }_{ 2 }=Width\\quad of\\quad the\\quad blade\\quad at\\quad the\\quad outlet<\/span>,<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ v }_{ f1 }=Flow\\quad velocity\\quad at\\quad inlet<\/span>\n<p>and<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ v }_{ f2 }=Flow\\quad velocity\\quad at\\quad outlet<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Efficiencies in Francis turbine:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Francis turbines have three main efficiencies that should be considered. They are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0Mechanical efficiency<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0Hydraulic efficiency<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0Overall Efficiency<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>In what follows, these efficiencies are explained briefly.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>Mechanical Efficiency:<\/h4>\n<p>The first efficiency in the Francis turbine is mechanical efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of actual available work at the turbine to the energy exposed to the wheel. In other words, mechanical efficiency can be calculated by<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ \\eta }_{ m }=\\frac { Shaft\\quad Power\\quad ({ P }_{ s }) }{ Power\\quad Developed\\quad by\\quad Runner\\quad (P) } <\/span>\n<p>or<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ \\eta }_{ m }=\\frac { { P }_{ s } }{ \\rho \\times Q\\times { V }_{ w1 }\\times { U }_{ 1 } } <\/span>.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left; line-height: 150%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;\">Hydraulic Efficiency:<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">Another important efficiency is hydraulic efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of work done on the wheel to the water energy head provided to the turbine.<\/span><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">The hydraulic efficiency can be calculated by<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ \\eta }_{ h }=\\frac { Power\\quad Developed\\quad by\\quad Runner\\quad (P) }{ Input\\quad Power\\quad ({ P }_{ i }) }<\/span>\n<p>or<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ \\eta }_{ h }=\\frac { \\frac { w\\times Q }{ g } \\times [({ v }_{ w1 }\\times { u }_{ 1 })\\pm ({ v }_{ w2 }\\times { u }_{ 2 })] }{ w\\times Q\\times H }<\/span>\n<p>which means<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ \\eta }_{ h }=\\frac { [({ v }_{ w1 }\\times { u }_{ 1 })\\pm ({ v }_{ w2 }\\times { u }_{ 2 })] }{ g\\times H }<\/span>\n<p>where<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">H=Net\\quad available\\quad head\\quad on\\quad the\\quad turbine<\/span>\n<h4>Overall Efficiency:<\/h4>\n<p>The overall efficiency is defined as the ratio of power generated by the turbine to the energy provided to the turbine. In other words:<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ \\eta }_{ m }=\\frac { Shaft\\quad Power\\quad ({ P }_{ s }) }{ \\\\ Input\\quad Power\\quad ({ P }_{ i }) } <\/span>\n<p>or<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ \\eta }_{ o }=\\frac { { P }_{ s } }{ \\rho \\times Q\\times g\\times H }<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So, now you know everything you needed to know about the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Francis turbine<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. If you have experience with any other types of turbines, share your thoughts with us in the comment section. Feel free to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/sign-up?client_redirect=\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sign up<\/a> on our website if you want our experts to answer your most complicated questions regarding this field.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Download_Francis_turbine_PDF\"><\/span><strong>Download Francis turbine PDF<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-button-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/linquip.com-An-Ultimate-Guide-to-Francis-Turbine.pdf\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-default su-button-wide\" style=\"color:#FFFFFF;background-color:#2D89EF;border-color:#246ec0;border-radius:12px\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF;padding:0px 30px;font-size:22px;line-height:44px;border-color:#6cadf4;border-radius:12px;text-shadow:none\"> Download PDF<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3><b>Buy Equipment or Ask for a Service<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>By using Linquip RFQ Service, you can expect\u00a0to receive quotations from various suppliers across multiple industries and regions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/linquip.com\/get-quote?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content&amp;utm_campaign=product_list&amp;utm_term=product_list&amp;utm_content=rfq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click Here to Request a Quotation From Suppliers and Service Providers<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Read More on Linquip<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a title=\"Beginner\u2019s Guide: The Difference Between Gas Turbine and Gas Engine\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/difference-between-gas-turbine-and-gas-engine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beginner\u2019s Guide: The Difference Between Gas Turbine and Gas Engine<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a title=\"Gas Turbine Type : Overview of Types and Profitable Applications\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/gas-turbine-type-applications\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gas Turbine Type : Overview of Types and Profitable Applications<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a title=\"What is Propeller Turbine? 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A Francis turbine is a large rotary machine that works to convert kinetic and potential energy into hydroelectricity. These modern equivalents of the water wheel have been used for over 135 years for &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":3407,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7,432],"tags":[333],"class_list":["post-3404","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-turbine","category-hydro-turbine","tag-industrial-guideline"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3404","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3404"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3404\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":36521,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3404\/revisions\/36521"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3407"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3404"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3404"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3404"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}