{"id":3469,"date":"2020-12-14T10:00:38","date_gmt":"2020-12-14T18:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/?p=3469"},"modified":"2023-02-26T07:08:47","modified_gmt":"2023-02-26T15:08:47","slug":"what-is-hydraulic-head","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-hydraulic-head\/","title":{"rendered":"Hydraulic Head: All You Should Know About it"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-hydraulic-head\/#%E2%80%9CHydraulic_Head%E2%80%9D_in_Fluid_Mechanics\" >&#8220;Hydraulic Head&#8221; in Fluid Mechanics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-hydraulic-head\/#%E2%80%9CHydraulic_Head%E2%80%9D_Components\" >&#8220;Hydraulic Head&#8221; Components<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-hydraulic-head\/#Hydraulic_Gradient\" >Hydraulic Gradient<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-hydraulic-head\/#Hydraulic_Head_in_Groundwater\" >Hydraulic Head in Groundwater<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/what-is-hydraulic-head\/#Head_Loss\" >Head Loss<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><strong>A hydraulic head<\/strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0or\u00a0<\/span><strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">piezometric head<\/span><\/strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0is a particular measurement of liquid pressure above a vertical datum.<\/span> It is regularly measured as a liquid surface altitude, expressed in length units, at the entry (or bottom) of a\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.geo-observations.com\/piezometers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">piezometer<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">. In an aquifer, it can be determined from the depth to water in a piezometric well and provided information of the elevation of the piezometer and depth of the screen. The hydraulic head can likewise be estimated in a column of water employing a standpipe piezometer by measuring the water surface&#8217;s height in the tube relevant to a common datum. The hydraulic head can be applied to determine a\u00a0<\/span><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">hydraulic gradient<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0among two or more spots.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CHydraulic_Head%E2%80%9D_in_Fluid_Mechanics\"><\/span><strong>&#8220;Hydraulic Head&#8221; in Fluid Mechanics <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In fluid mechanics,\u00a0<em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">the head<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0is a notion that links the energy in a fluid to the elevation of an equivalent static column of that fluid. From\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/physics\/fluids\/fluid-dynamics\/a\/what-is-bernoullis-equation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Bernoulli&#8217;s principle<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">, the entire energy at a specific point in a fluid is the energy connected with the fluid movement, plus energy from\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/blog\/2018\/05\/what-is-static-pressure\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">static pressure<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0in the fluid, plus energy from the fluid&#8217;s elevation corresponding to an arbitrary datum. Head is represented in units of height such as feet or meters.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3470\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3470\" style=\"width: 512px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3470 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Hyraulic-Head-1.gif\" alt=\"Hydraulic Head\" width=\"512\" height=\"343\" title=\"\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3470\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Representation of Bernoulli&#8217;s principle (Reference: <strong>hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu<\/strong>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The\u00a0<span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">pump <em>static head<\/em><\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"> is the highest height it can present. The pump&#8217;s capacity at a certain RPM can be read from its flow vs. height curve.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">A general misunderstanding is that the head matches the fluid&#8217;s energy per unit weight. As a matter of fact, the term with pressure does not describe any type of energy (for an incompressible fluid, in the Bernoulli equation, this term describes the work of pressure forces). The head is beneficial in designating <a href=\"https:\/\/www.michael-smith-engineers.co.uk\/resources\/useful-info\/centrifugal-pumps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">centrifugal pumps<\/a>\u00a0since their pumping properties tend to be independent of the fluid&#8217;s density.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">There are four types of the head applied to determine the total head in and out of a pump:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Velocity head<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0is due to the bulk movement of a fluid (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kinetic_energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kinetic energy<\/a>).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Elevation head<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0is due to the weight of the fluid; in other words, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gravitational_force\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational force<\/a>\u00a0acting on a fluid column.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The pressure head<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0is due to the static pressure, the internal molecular movement of a fluid that applies a force on its container.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The resistance head<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0is due to the frictional forces acting against a fluid&#8217;s movement by the container.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3471\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3471\" style=\"width: 502px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3471 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Hyraulic-Head-2.gif\" alt=\"Hyraulic Head\" width=\"502\" height=\"523\" title=\"\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3471\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fluid flows from the tank under the pressure of the hydraulic head (<strong>Reference: wikipedia.org<\/strong>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CHydraulic_Head%E2%80%9D_Components\"><\/span><strong>&#8220;Hydraulic Head&#8221; Components <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>After free-falling from a specific height, <em>h<\/em>, in a vacuum from an initial velocity of 0, a mass will have ended at a speed of<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">v=\\sqrt { 2gh }<\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">where\u00a0<em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">g<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0is the gravitational acceleration. Rearranged as a\u00a0<\/span><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">head\u00a0<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">like the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">h=\\frac { { v }^{ 2 } }{ 2g }<\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The right-hand term is designated as the\u00a0<em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">velocity head<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">, represented as a length measurement. In a flowing fluid, it means the energy of the fluid due to its bulk movement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The total hydraulic fluid head is made of\u00a0<em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">pressure head<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">elevation head<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">. The pressure head is equal to the column gauge pressure of water at the base of the piezometer. The elevation head is the relevant potential energy in terms of elevation. The\u00a0<\/span><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">head equation<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">, which is a simplified form of the Bernoulli Principle for incompressible fluids, can be signified as:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">h=\\psi +z<\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">where<\/p>\n<p><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">h<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0is the hydraulic head, also recognized as the piezometric head.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u03c8<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0is the pressure head in terms of the height difference of the water column relative to the piezometer bottom, and<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">z<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0is the height at the piezometer bottom<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The pressure head can be written as:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\psi =\\frac { P }{ \\gamma\u00a0 } =\\frac { P }{ \\rho g }<\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">where<\/p>\n<p><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">P<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0is the gauge pressure,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u03b3<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0is the unit weight of the liquid,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u03c1<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0is the density of the liquid, and<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">g<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0is the gravitational acceleration<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Fresh Water Head <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><em>The pressure head relies on water density, which can alternate depending on both the temperature and chemical composition of the fluid. This indicates that the hydraulic head estimation is dependent on the water density within the piezometer. If one or more hydraulic head <\/em>determinations <em>are to be examined, they need to be standardized regularly to their\u00a0<\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">freshwater head<em>, which can be measured as:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ h }_{ fw }=\\psi \\frac { \\rho\u00a0 }{ { \\rho\u00a0 }_{ fw } } +z<\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">where<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ h }_{ fw }<\/span> is the freshwater head, and<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ \\rho\u00a0 }_{ fw }<\/span> is the density of fresh water<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hydraulic_Gradient\"><\/span><strong>Hydraulic Gradient <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The\u00a0<em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">hydraulic gradient<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0is a vector gradient among two or more hydraulic head measurements over the flow path&#8217;s length. For groundwater, it is also termed the &#8216;Darcy slope&#8217;, because it defines the quantity of a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Darcy_flux\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Darcy flux<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0or discharge. It also has employment in\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open-channel_flow\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">an open-channel flow<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0where it can determine whether a reach is getting or missing energy. A dimensionless hydraulic gradient can be estimated between two spots with known head values as:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">i=\\frac { dh }{ dl } =\\frac { { h }_{ 2 }-{ h }_{ 1 } }{ length }<\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">where<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">i<\/span><\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">\u00a0is the hydraulic gradient,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">dh<\/span><\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\"> is the difference between two hydraulic heads, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">dl<\/span><\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">\u00a0is the flow path length among the two piezometers<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The hydraulic gradient can be represented in a vector system, by applying the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Del\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">del operator<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">. This needs a hydraulic head field, which can be substantially achieved only from numerical models, such as\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MODFLOW\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">MODFLOW<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0for groundwater. In\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartesian_coordinates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Cartesian coordinates<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">, this can be denoted as:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\triangledown h=\\left( \\frac { \\partial h }{ \\partial x } ,\\frac { \\partial h }{ \\partial y } ,\\frac { \\partial h }{ \\partial z }\u00a0 \\right) =\\frac { \\partial h }{ \\partial x } i+\\frac { \\partial h }{ \\partial y } j+\\frac { \\partial h }{ \\partial z } k<\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">This vector specifies the groundwater flow direction, where negative values designate flow along the dimension, and zero means &#8216;no flow&#8217;. As with any other physics example, energy must progress from high to low, so the flow is in the negative gradient. This vector can be utilized in conjunction with\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Darcy%27s_law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Darcy&#8217;s law<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0and a tensor of hydraulic conductivity to define water flux in three dimensions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hydraulic_Head_in_Groundwater\"><\/span><strong>Hydraulic Head in Groundwater <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The distribution of hydraulic heads within an aquifer defines where groundwater will proceed. In a hydrostatic example (left figure), where the hydraulic head is fixed, there is no flow. Nevertheless, suppose there is a difference in the hydraulic head from top to bottom due to draining from the bottom (right figure). In that case, the water will flow downward due to the variance in the head, also named the <em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">hydraulic gradient<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3472\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3472\" style=\"width: 1302px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3472 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Hyraulic-Head-3.png\" alt=\"Hyraulic Head\" width=\"1302\" height=\"480\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Hyraulic-Head-3.png 1302w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Hyraulic-Head-3-300x111.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Hyraulic-Head-3-1024x378.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Hyraulic-Head-3-768x283.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Hyraulic-Head-3-696x257.png 696w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Hyraulic-Head-3-1068x394.png 1068w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Hyraulic-Head-3-1139x420.png 1139w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1302px) 100vw, 1302px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3472\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Relation among heads for a hydrostatic case and a downward flow case (Reference: <strong>wikipedia.org<\/strong>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><strong>Atmospheric Pressure <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Although it is a convention to apply gauge pressure in the hydraulic head calculation, it is more accurate to use total pressure (gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure), because this is indeed what forces groundwater flow. Regularly detailed observations of barometric pressure are not accessible at each well over time, so this is frequently overlooked.<\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The effects of atmospheric pressure variations on water levels perceived in wells have been recognized for many years. The effect is a direct one. An increment in atmospheric pressure is an increase in load on the water in the aquifer, increasing the depth of water. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blaise_Pascal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Pascal<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0first qualitatively examined these effects in the 17th century. They were more rigorously explained by the soil physicist\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edgar_Buckingham\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Edgar Buckingham<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0employing air flow models in 1907.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Head_Loss\"><\/span><strong>Head Loss<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Energy is dissipated in any real flowing fluid due to friction; turbulence dissipates even more energy for high\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/reynolds-number\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Reynolds number<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0flows. This dissipation, named\u00a0<\/span><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">head loss<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">, is split into two main categories: &#8220;major losses&#8221; connected with energy loss per pipe length and &#8220;minor losses&#8221; related to fittings, bends, valves, etc. The most popular equation applied to calculate major head losses is the\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Darcy%E2%80%93Weisbach_equation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Darcy\u2013Weisbach equation<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\frac { \\triangledown p }{ L } ={ f }_{ D }.\\frac { \\rho\u00a0 }{ 2 } .\\frac { { \\left&lt; v \\right&gt;\u00a0 }^{ 2 } }{ D } , <\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">where the pressure loss per unit length \u0394<em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">p<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\/<\/span><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">L\u00a0<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">is a function of:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><em>\u03c1<\/em>, the density of the fluid;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><em>D<\/em>, the hydraulic diameter of the pipe;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">&lt;<em>v<\/em>&gt;, the mean flow velocity, experimentally measured as the volumetric flow rate per unit cross-sectional area;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{ f }_{ D }<\/span>, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Darcy_friction_factor_formulae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Darcy friction factor<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm; text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #0e101a;\">For comparatively short pipe systems, with a moderately large number of bends and fittings, minor losses can easily beat major losses. In design, minor losses are regularly estimated from tables utilizing coefficients or a more straightforward and less precise reduction of minor losses to equivalent length of pipe, a method frequently employed for shortcut calculations of pneumatic carrying lines pressure drop.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Buy Equipment or Ask for a Service<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>By using Linquip RFQ Service, you can expect\u00a0to receive quotations from various suppliers across multiple industries and regions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/linquip.com\/get-quote?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content&amp;utm_campaign=product_list&amp;utm_term=product_list&amp;utm_content=rfq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click Here to Request a Quotation From Suppliers and Service Providers<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Read More on Linquip<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/turbo-types-classifications\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\">Turbo Types: Classifications and Examples<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/velocity-head\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\">Velocity Head: All You Should Know About Definition and Importance\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/parts-of-hydraulic-pump\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 Parts of Hydraulic Pump + PDF &amp; Function<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/hydraulic-equipment-manufacturers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Top Best Hydraulic Equipment Manufacturers in USA and World<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/difference-between-hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Difference Between Hydraulics and Pneumatics<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/types-of-hydraulic-valves\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4 Types of Hydraulic Valves &amp; Their Working Principles<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A hydraulic head\u00a0or\u00a0piezometric head\u00a0is a particular measurement of liquid pressure above a vertical datum. It is regularly measured as a liquid surface altitude, expressed in length units, at the entry (or bottom) of a\u00a0piezometer. In an aquifer, it can be determined from the depth to water in a piezometric well and provided information of the &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":3473,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3469","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-electrical-component"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3469","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3469"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3469\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27013,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3469\/revisions\/27013"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3473"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3469"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3469"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3469"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}