{"id":5692,"date":"2021-03-15T10:00:55","date_gmt":"2021-03-15T18:00:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/?p=5692"},"modified":"2025-08-28T02:16:52","modified_gmt":"2025-08-28T10:16:52","slug":"counter-flow-heat-exchangers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/counter-flow-heat-exchangers\/","title":{"rendered":"What are Counter Flow Heat Exchangers and its Working Principles?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/counter-flow-heat-exchangers\/#What_are_the_Types_of_Heat_Exchangers\" >What are the Types of Heat Exchangers?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/counter-flow-heat-exchangers\/#What_is_a_Counter_Flow_Heat_Exchanger\" >What is a Counter Flow Heat Exchanger?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/counter-flow-heat-exchangers\/#Download_Counter_Flow_Heat_Exchangers_PDF\" >Download Counter Flow Heat Exchangers PDF<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>Counter Flow <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/heat-exchanger-design\/\">Heat Exchangers<\/a> are called the exchangers, which have the opposite fluid direction for the flows and are categorized based on the flow arrangement. Plate, shell and tube, double-pipe, one phase, and multi-phase can be counter flow exchanger.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Find all the information you need about counter flow heat exchangers on Linquip&#8217;s website. Linquip&#8217;s heat exchanger experts are standing by to assist you with any questions you may have. Start by reading Linquip&#8217;s article entitled, &#8220;<\/span><b>What Is Counter Flow Heat Exchanger?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To access all the features offered, you can also register as a<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/experts\/leaderboard\"> <b>Linquip Expert<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. What do you think about<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/promotions\/guest-post\"> <b>Guest Posting<\/b><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">on the Linquip platform? Linquip gives you the option to submit your content as a guest.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><a title=\"\u21d2 View a List of Heat Exchanger for Sale and Their Suppliers \u21d0\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/industrial-directories\/253\/heat-exchanger\/for-sale?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content&amp;utm_campaign=CRO&amp;utm_term=counter%20flow%20heat%20exchangers&amp;utm_content=for_sale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u21d2 View a List of Heat Exchanger for Sale and Their Suppliers \u21d0<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>What are the Types of Heat Exchangers?<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Typically there are two primary classifications for heat exchangers based on the flow arrangement: parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers, known as inline and crossflow, respectively.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Inline<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>In this type of exchanger, hot and cold fluids flow parallel to each other. If they move in the same direction, they are called parallel or co-current, and if they move opposite each other, they are named counter-current counter flow heat exchangers.<\/p>\n<p>Counter flow heat exchangers are more efficient than parallel exchangers, and it is all because of a uniform temperature difference between fluids over the whole exchanger and fluid paths.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Crossflow<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>In crossflow heat exchangers, the fluid in the hot and cold sections moves perpendicular to each other. This type is more efficient than counter flow heat exchangers, and all the heat exchanger can be in a box. Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) in this type is larger than inline type.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>What is a Counter Flow Heat Exchanger?<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Counter flow heat exchangers use flows in the opposite direction of each other. Shell and tube, and double pipes heat exchangers are examples of common exchangers using counter flow configurations. The best design for shell and tube and double-pipe exchanger is counter flow configuration, and the heat transfer between the fluid is the maximum. In counter flow, the efficiency is higher than the parallel, and temperature in the cooling fluid outlet can exceed the warmer fluid inlet temperature.<\/p>\n<p>In the figure below, we can see the position of inlets and outlets. As it is illustrated in the counter flow heat exchanger, the fluids flow in the opposite direction, and at the heads, there is a maximum temperature difference between them. We have an inlet for hot fluid and the exit pipes of cold fluid at the left head, while cold fluid inlets and the hot fluid outlet are on the right head. For understanding what the counter flow is, we should know the differences between counter flow and parallel flow.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5696\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5696\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5696\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/counter-flow-heat-exchanger.jpg\" alt=\"counter flow heat exchngers\" width=\"840\" height=\"298\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/counter-flow-heat-exchanger.jpg 840w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/counter-flow-heat-exchanger-300x106.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/counter-flow-heat-exchanger-768x272.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/counter-flow-heat-exchanger-696x247.jpg 696w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5696\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A simple picture of a counter flow heat exchanger and the inlet and outlet positioning for fluids. (reference: <strong>thermex.co.uk<\/strong>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><strong>What are the Differences Between the Parallel and Counter Flow Heat Exchangers<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Parallel and counter flow heat exchangers are different in the flow direction and the heat transfer diagrams. In parallel exchangers, both of the inlets are placed on the same side, and we have all the outlets on the other side. The maximum temperature difference is happening in the inlet, and it decreases to reach the minimum at the outlets. It is totally the inverse type compared to the counter flow. Inlet and outlet position and temperature diagram for the parallel and counter flow heat exchanger is presented in the figure below:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5699\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5699\" style=\"width: 1409px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5699\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/CPD-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"counter flow heat exchanger\" width=\"1409\" height=\"833\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/CPD-Fig-2.png 1409w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/CPD-Fig-2-300x177.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/CPD-Fig-2-1024x605.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/CPD-Fig-2-768x454.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/CPD-Fig-2-696x411.png 696w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/CPD-Fig-2-1392x823.png 1392w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/CPD-Fig-2-1068x631.png 1068w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/CPD-Fig-2-710x420.png 710w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1409px) 100vw, 1409px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5699\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Parallel and counter flow heat exchanger and the temperature diagram in them for plate heat exchangers. (reference: <strong>cibsejournal.com<\/strong>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>As discussed before, the base of all heat exchangers is simple, and it is the transfer of heat from the hot fluid to the cooler ones and exchange energy between them. The surface of plates, pipes, or whatever separates the fluids in a heat exchanger has a great impact on the heat transfer, and by increasing it, we can reach a high rate of heat transfer for heavy-duty applications.<\/p>\n<p>The design of the size and type of the heat exchanger depends on the amount of heat transfer and the output temperature of the fluids. If the purpose of the device is cooling, the hot fluid output temperature is important, and if the purpose is heating, the cold fluid output temperature is critical.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Advantages and Disadvantages of Parallel Over Counter Flow Heat Exchanger<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>We use parallel flow in applications, in which the flows at the outlet have near temperatures together, and we want to have the same temperatures. By looking at the parallel exchanger diagram, we notice a large temperature difference on one side, which makes large thermal stress on the components. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thermal_expansion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Expansion<\/a> and contraction in the solid parts can eventually lead to failure. Also, as can be seen, we can&#8217;t have a higher temperature in the outlet for the cold fluid compared to the hot fluid, which is the most important disadvantage of the parallel one.<\/p>\n<p>Counter flow heat exchangers have three noticeable advantages over parallel exchangers. As it is shown in the diagram, we have a uniform temperature difference along the heat transfer area that minimizes the thermal stress in the system. The second one is the output temperature, which can have a higher value compared to the hot fluid. The final benefit of this type is uniform heat transfer between the fluids and larger LMTD (LMTD will be discussed in the next section).<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Heat Transfer in Parallel and Counter Flow Heat Exchanger<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Whether we use parallel or counter flow heat exchanger, we have both convection and conduction. The heat transfer along the exchanger varies, and it is all because of the different temperatures at each point of view. Heat flows from the hot side to the cold side, and we have convection heat transfer between the fluids and the solid on both sides, while the heat transfer process is conduction in the solid part.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17289\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17289\" style=\"width: 834px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17289\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Counter-flow-Shell-and-Tube-Heat-Exchanger.png\" alt=\"Counter Flow Heat Exchangers\" width=\"834\" height=\"575\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Counter-flow-Shell-and-Tube-Heat-Exchanger.png 834w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Counter-flow-Shell-and-Tube-Heat-Exchanger-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Counter-flow-Shell-and-Tube-Heat-Exchanger-768x529.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 834px) 100vw, 834px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17289\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Parts of a counter flow heat exchanger (Reference: <strong>researchgate.net<\/strong>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>As can be seen in the figure, the temperature difference in counter flow is greater, and it causes a larger amount of heat transfer in the exchanger. The heat transfer can be calculated by the equation of\u00a0 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">Q=UA \\Delta T_{LM}<\/span>. it is the same for all the exchangers and the parameters are:<\/p>\n<p>U= Average thermal transmittance from one fluid\u00a0 to the other\u00a0 one (W\u00b7m<sup>-2<\/sup>\u00b7K<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p>A= Heat transfer area in the exchanger<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\Delta T_{LM}<\/span>\u00a0 = Logarithm mean temperature difference between fluids.<\/p>\n<p>Logarithm mean temperature difference or LMTD can be calculated as below:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Delta T_{LM}=\\frac{\\Delta T_{A}-\\Delta T_{B}}{Ln(\\frac{\\Delta T_{A}}{\\Delta T_{B}})}<\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>A small change in the fluid temperatures in the inlets lead to a large LMTD in the exchanger, for example, for a 70\u00b0C and 80\u00b0C temperature of the inlet and the outlet in one flow and a 40\u00b0C and 44\u00b0C for the other flow, we have LMTD of 6.55\u00b0C. By an increase of 2\u00b0C in the first flow, we have an 11 percent increase in the LMTD, which is a significant amount.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Delta T_{LM}=\\frac{\\Delta T_{A}-\\Delta T_{B}}{Ln(\\frac{\\Delta T_{A}}{\\Delta T_{B}})}=<\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\frac{10-4}{2.303-1.386}=6.55<\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>We can calculate the overall sensible heat transfer for a single-phase flow\u00a0 as:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">Q=mC_{p}\\Delta T<\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>where:<\/p>\n<p>m = Mass flow rate for the liquid flow (kg\u00b7s<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p>C<sub>p <\/sub>= Specific heat capacity of the liquid fluid (kJ\u00b7kg<sup>-1<\/sup>\u00b7K<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p>\u0394T = Difference between temperatures in the outlet and the inlet of the liquid flow (K)<\/p>\n<p>If we have 100 percent efficiency in the system, this sensible heat transfer for both flows should be the same.<\/p>\n<p>The thermal transmittance is a function of the plate material and its thermal resistance, heat transfer coefficient of the surface on the cold and hot flow. Usually, we have turbulent flow in the system, and as a result, the heat transfer coefficient of the surface is large, which is good for increasing the heat transfer rate.<\/p>\n<p>By creating turbulent flow, we destroy boundary layers and help the heat transfer rate, but it causes a larger pressure drop. Turbulent flow helps to have less deposition of unwanted materials such as algae, scale, insoluble salts, and suspended solids on the surfaces. Also, for decreasing the resistance of the materials in the solid part, it is preferred to have a thin barrier. Stainless steel has a low thermal resistance and also have good resistance against corrosive fluids.<\/p>\n<p>The basic performance of the exchanger can be calculated by knowing the size of the exchanger and flowing fluids:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\eta =\\frac{U.A}{m.C_{p}}<\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Download_Counter_Flow_Heat_Exchangers_PDF\"><\/span><b>Download Counter Flow Heat Exchangers <\/b><b>PDF<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>You can download this article as a PDF file if you would like to read it whenever you like.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-button-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/linquip.com-What-are-Counter-Flow-Heat-Exchangers-and-its-Working-Principles.pdf\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-default su-button-wide\" style=\"color:#FFFFFF;background-color:#2D89EF;border-color:#246ec0;border-radius:12px\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF;padding:0px 30px;font-size:22px;line-height:44px;border-color:#6cadf4;border-radius:12px;text-shadow:none\"> Download PDF<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3><b>Buy Equipment or Ask for a Service<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>By using Linquip RFQ Service, you can expect\u00a0to receive quotations from various suppliers across multiple industries and regions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/linquip.com\/get-quote?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content&amp;utm_campaign=product_list&amp;utm_term=product_list&amp;utm_content=rfq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click Here to Request a Quotation From Suppliers and Service Providers<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Read More on Linquip<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; 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Linquip&#8217;s heat &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":6758,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5692","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-heat-exchanger"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5692","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5692"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5692\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":36590,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5692\/revisions\/36590"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6758"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5692"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5692"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linquip.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5692"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}